Compare the Love Language Used in Quickdraw Essay Example for Free

Comp atomic number 18 the Love Language Used in Quickdraw EssayQuickdraw is a poem about the end and break knock down of a affinity. Specifically an argument amongst the speaker and their other half and the feelings felt by the speaker in the poem. It has many similarities and differences with In Paris with You a poem about a very shun relationship with the speaker who is desperately in love with someone who is just using them. The poem uses a play on words and anytime the words Paris and love are mentioned you have to switch them, so Paris representation love and love means Paris. These poems have similarities and difference and these can be explored through language techniques and key themes. Both Quickdraw and In Paris with You explore negative sides to a relationship. In Quickdraw the negative side is the pain of the break up at the ending of the relationship hear me groan Youve wounded me this shows the pain the speaker is going through during the division and end of their relationship.In In Paris with you they explore a different side of a negative relationship, the love the speaker feels for someone and the way they are being used by that person Yes Im angry at the way Ive been bamboozled Im in Paris with you this shows that although the speaker is angry at being used, she is still in love with them (Im in Paris = Im in love ). In In Paris with You the speaker expresses their love for the other person Im in Paris with You (meaning Im in love with You) is repeated passim the poem.But they also have differences such as, some other aspects of their structure, some of the themes of the poems. In Paris with You and Quickdraw both explore negative relationships, a relationship between a person absolutely besotted over someone who is using them and doesnt feel anything back for them or the argumentative end to a relationship where both of them are hurling insults at the other and breaking u their relationship.

Dorothy Smith Essay Example for Free

Dorothy Smith EssayDorothy Smith was born in North England in 1929. At a young age she did mixed jobs as a secretary before realizing that she needed to study in order to get a tumefy paying job. In the early 1950s she studied at the London School of Economics where she specialized in sociology. In 1955 Dorothy moved to the University of Berkeley where she got her doctorate. (Gardiner 180). musical composition at Berkeley, she was exposed to sociological thinkers like Mead, Irving Goffman and Merleau. For two decades up from 1950, Dorothy was involved in many leftist organizations and att expiryed various anti war demonstrations. She separate her husband when her second son was nine months and faced many difficulties and challenges raising them. (classiques. uqac. ca). During her times, there was an outright gender discrimination against women. She sought the Marxist ideologies to explain the on goings and she clearly realized the differences in power on the lines of gender in the society. To her, males dominated the most important sectors like education, politics, medical as nearly as the frugal field. This way, the female gender was marginalized and their interests and aspirations suppressed.(Gardiner 180). Dorothy graduated in 1963 after which she went into teaching in Berkeley, Essex and British Columbia. She continued with her institutional ethnographic studies after her retirement. As unity of the renowned feminists, Dorothy reasond that the society was male dominated, with the laws and the existing legal structures being highly patriarchal. Her search therefore focused on how men who had the power in economic terms dominated women. She also argued that even the religion was male dominated and the women were the dormant gender whose voices were r arely heard.(Gardiner 180). To her, the domination was so severe that some women would end up using male figures. For instance, a female author would use a male name probably to attract an audience. T he male dominance had been do universal and it appeared as if the womens fate had been sealed. In education, women were denied formal education as well as positions an example is in medicine where the society genuine male dominance as universal. Again, those seeking education in the male dominated schools would be influenced by the system.Most references in the schools portrayed male as the dominant gender and the female related studies were poorly funded or dismissed as of less importance. (classiques. uqac. ca). Institutional ethnography was a form of sociological question introduced by Smith to explain how social relations influenced rafts everyday lives. The sociology for the people encompassed all people in the society and tried to try out the contradictions between peoples experiences in their every day lives as well as the way their social relations were organized. (Smith 1-6).Their approach differed from other theories in the sense that it placed more emphasis on people s experiences rather than the predetermined social relations in the society. To illustrate her surmise, she carried out various look intoes like the effect of single mothers and schooling of their children as well as alienation of mall class managers and the role their wives played. Smith and a colleague in the teaching career, Alison, researched on single parents and their effect on the education of their children. This research focused on the socially organized processes which structured some families as opposite in the schooling environment.(Smith129). Single parenthood was deemed as a social problem. Such parents were viewed as ineffective especially in bringing up children due(p) to the purported negative influences on the childrens emotional development as well as their long term behaviors (Smith 130). Dorothy and Alison critically analyzed the existing literature on single parents. They established that most of what was depicted in the media was very varied from what wa s happening on the ground. The media was a reflection of the works of some professionals such as teachers, administrators as well as social workers but it had an overall effect on the society.(Smith 137). Their research clearly explained the variances between what is depicted in the media (literature) and what actually happens. In her article, women, the family and the corporate capitalism, Dorothy tried to establish the alienation of a middle class manager and the role played by his wife to reinforce the mans alienation. To Smith, the middle class manager was different from the working class man whose alienation was more to the ownership of the means of production as opposed to the charr who was a personal service to him.Smith established that when the man ceased to provide for his family the relationship changed, a clear indication that male dominance is highly agree to the economic dependence which is an external force as neither of them has control over it. To Smith, monopoly or the corporate capitalism alienated both the men and women of the middle classes while eliminating the socio economic basis for an autonomous selfhood for women. (Sydie Adams 560). To Dorothy, there was a general consent of how laws, courts and welfare agencies helped enforce certain understandings of how the entire world was expected to work.The overabundant understanding seemed to favor men at the expense of women and there was a general association of women and child bearing. Dorothy made a major contribution to sociology as it is today. In her new sociological inquiry, she advocated that researchers be on the same critical plane as the subject of the research. Here, researchers were to look deeper rather than just the objects of the research if their research was to be effective. Conducting research in the traditional way would not reveal how the object was constructed or what it consisted of when relating it to the social relations that affected peoples every day lives.Altho ugh women problems demanded for a sociological explanation as their experiences created problems, their experiences alone would not suffice to offer solutions. Their experiences would be as a result of the social, political as well as the economic organization. Dorothys work made sociologists especially the researcher focus on the factors that influence people before making final conclusions as peoples experiences alone would be effectively addressed by monitoring their social relations in everyday activities.To Denise and Cheryl, in their extinguished book breast feeding research, Dorothy Smiths institutional ethnography has been applied in various fields such as nursing, social work, and community health as well as in the study of professional services. It focuses on the social organization as well as the institutional work processes and consequently the outcome of the research plays a significant role in the establishment of organizational changes as the real problems are establi shed. (Polit Beck 227).Like other feminist theorists, Dorothy posits that sociology as well as other social science disciplines was constructed by males in the highly patriarchal society. To resolve women problems would therefore only be successful if the female stand portend was considered. Smith used the Marxism approach and highlighted the aspect of alienation, capitalism as well as the economic aspects in the society. To her, there was need to focus more on the alienated in the society, these being women as well as other groups who were oppressed. (uregina. ca).To Dorothy, there was a need to research more on peoples experiences as well as situations as what was present in the prevailing literature was inaccurate in explaining their actual fate. As Johnson in contemporary sociology theory noted, Dorothy Smiths ideologies could differ from those of other feminist theorists. Some feminists unlike Dorothy tried to show how variations on the lines of racial or class backgrounds as well as sexual orientation intersected with gender bringing about different experiences across the various categories of women.This is to say that other feminists considered other factors and their role in influencing the engross of women rather than focusing strictly on male dominance in addressing the problems of women. Location was also another issue considered as it was clearly established that women from different regions say the developed world would experience different issues or problems as opposed to those in the less developed countries. The contemporary sociologists will therefore turn back such variations in their studies. (Johnson 432-3)Major concerns that can be raised against Dorothys work are the overemphasis on the male dominance in the society. The queries here are that sociology is not always related with the ruling or power games in the society. (uregina. ca). Her argument that sociology as well as other social sciences had been established by man, the dominan t gender in the society, is therefore untrue as in most cases sociology seeks to establish the social problems in the society, an example being the plight of immigrants as well as the poor in society.Dorothy emphasized on every day experiences or situations in relation to the social relations that one had. Critics would argue that she underestimated the inner self or being of people which also has a role to play in influencing who they are. She also failed to explain the role played by other groups in the society and only focused on male and their dominance. (uregina. ca). Works Cited Adams Bert N and Sydie Rosalind Ann. Sociological Theory. Pine Forge Press, 2001 Dorothy E. Smith. retrieved on 29th April fromhttp//classiques. uqac. ca/contemporains/smith_dorothy/smith_dorothy_photo/smith_dorothy_photo. html Feminist Standpoint Theory Dorothy Smith. Retrieved on 29th April from http//uregina. ca/gingrich/319m2206. htm. Gardiner Michael. Critiques of everyday life. Routledge Publish ers. 2000 Polit Denise F and Beck Cheryl Tatano. Nursing research principles and methods. Lippincott Williams Wilkins Publishers. 2003 Smith Dorothy E. Institutional ethnography as practice. Rowman Littlefield Publishers. 2006

Roma People And The European Union Politics Essay

capital of Italy People And The europiuman Union Politics EssayThe term capital of Italy refers to a variety of groups of throng who describe themselves as itinerant, Gypsies, Travellers, Manouches, Ashkali, Sinti, as well as other titles. For the purpose of this paper, we will use of the term gipsy to describe the group in question. This is in no mode intended to downplay the great diversity within the many different gypsy groups and related communities, and it is not intended to promote stereotypes. Our basic question is what is the military position of the gypsy people today, within the context of the European Union?For millennia, the gipsy get under ones skin been an integral part of European civilisedisation. Today, with an estimated people of 10-12 million people, Roma argon the biggest ethnic minority in Europe Roma communities be present in all 27 EU fragment States. And in contemporary times, roughly Roma be EU citizens.An issues is that their situation is ch aracterised by persistent discrimination and social exclusion. Thus, Roma are precise exposed to the risks of poverty, unemployment, stereotypes and social prejudice.Its vital to realize that the Roma race is heterogeneous. Following the elimination of traditional labor activities and of nomadic lifestyles in some Member States, urban migration, but also migration from Eastern Europe to the western EU states, in that respect have been a sess of changes poignant the Roma people.However, there is a very big gap between the nutrition conditions (in the fields of health, fosterage, labor and housing) of the Roma and the absolute majority population. And a concentrated effort toward EUs integrated policy towards the Roma is needed, preferably a multidisciplinary 1, pull offing with the problem from six-f older angles, not just from an economic of sociological point of view, and also one whose results have to be quantifiable, state-wide but also exchangely. This is our hypoth esis.Legal Framework in the EUThe European Union has established a strong legal anti-discrimination framework the most burning(prenominal) documents on the issue consist of Article 13 of the agreement establishing the European Community, Council Directive 2000/43/EC on Racial Equality and the Council Directive 2000/78/EC, that establishes a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. The European Union also has a strong legal framework dealing with Roma discrimination, that is based, among others, on article 13 of the Treaty of the European Community, the Directive 2000/43/EC on racial equality and the Directive 2000/78/EC concerning the prohibition of discrimination in employment and vocational training. Its important to note however that it is the duty of the Member States to translate these Directives into their own national legislations.The European Commissions mandate also includes stimulating the use of EU morphologic property by EU Member States fo r supporting Roma inclusion.This process is supported by the EURoma lollywork, composed of representatives from 12 Member States,whose goal is to promote the use of Structural Funds in order to enhance the effectiveness of policies targeting the Roma and to promote their social inclusion.Roma people in RomaniaAccording to official data, Roma population in Romania included, tally to the 2002 nose count, 535,250 people, of which 325,000 people (60%) lived in rural areas. Roma population is, numerically speaking, the second ethnic minority group in Romania, after the Hungarians. However, these census numbers might or might not reflect reality, for there are probably more Roma who havent been accounted for because they refused to participate in the census or might have avoided stating their nationality.According to a study by the National Agency for Roma, the socio-economic situation of Roma ethnicity remains still quite difficult Roma score on a high level of poverty. Roma communiti es are affected by various problems high levels of unemployment (28%), low income, low educational and vocational training (with visible effects in the labor market participation), improper living conditions and limited assenting to existence services. Many Roma are on the job(p) as day laborers, thus without having a stable source of income.According to OSI (Open Society Institute) research conducted in 2007, 4.9 percent of Roma people in Romania inadequacyed a birth certificate. Among nonRoma citizens, slight than 1 percent lacked a birth certificate. Similarly, surveys in 2007 and 2008 indicated that between 1.9 and 6 percent of Roma lacked identity cards, compared to 1.5 percent of nonRoma. The lack of identity documents leads to exclusion from participating in elections, receiving social benefits, approaching health insurance, securing property documents, and participating in the labor market.Another survey, conducted by the ICCV (Institutul de Cercetare a Calitatii Vieti i), points out that the residual of illiterates among Roma is disturbing more than one third of the Roma (38.6%) are functionally illiterate, 19% of men and 27% of mature women only attended one school year. 18% of Roma children periodd between 7 and 16 years have never been to school.Among the conclusions of the study are the following Roma population categorically refuse to be a part of the education musical arrangement. The problem is that the Roma population lives, usually in secluded and / or notorious neighborhoods, and schools laid in these areas, where Roma children might study, have inferior learning conditions. NGOs and the media report that discrimination by teachers and other students against Romani students served as an additional disincentive for Romani children to complete their studies.However, other Roma are largely or fully integrated into hostel. Scholarships in schools and universities were created for Roma by the state creating positive discrimination whose blow on improving integration in Romania remains to be seen.On the downside again, in schools where students are predominantly Roma, repeater rates reach 11.3%, almost tierce times higher than the national average. Because of the low quality level of the school, almost 20% of Roma students enrolled in the fourth grade are functionally illiterate, according to the ICCV. The EU, Romania included, has launched a program entitled Decade of Roma Inclusion to combat this and other problems.Roma situation differs from bucolic to country, but integration problems remain in developed countries. A report by the European Roma Rights Center (ERRC) emphasizes that, in 2005, the Roma in France for example, counting around 500,000 individuals are the target of spectacular levels of discrimination. The report notes that civil, political, social and economic community are frequently violated and concluded that the authorities fail integration of minorities in the Hexagon (France).The most impor tant communities of Roma live in Central and Eastern Europe, but, similariy to Romanias case (where the official 2002 census claims numbers of 535,000, while a EU report dating from 2004 says there are 1.8 million Roma) their number varies between official censuses and unofficial estimates Czechoslovakianoslovakian Republic has between 11,000- 200,000 Roma, Slovakia, between 95,000- 550,000, Hungary, between 200,000- 600,000, and European reports on this minority are lots negative. In each of the three of the EU countries mentioned above, unemployment among Roma reaches 75% -80% when they have access to education, most often the children study in special schools and the wider community is a victim of racial prejudice coming from the majority population, according to Amnesty International.EU Strategy for Roma integrationThe European Commission has set up a programme to tackle the main difficulties involved in the integration of Roma people. There are EU funds available to help, an d countries are back up to make greater use of them on a national level.To this effect, one important tool is the European Social Fund, which currently stands at around 12 billion Euros and amounts to 10% of the EUs budget. The purpose of the fund is to provide support for projects that seek to improve social gumminess in the Union.The second European Roma summit, was be held at the beginning of April 2010- on the International Roma Day, and was set-up as a forum to discuss the Commissions new strategy and to renew commitments.Representatives of EU institutions, EU countries and civil society organisations, including Roma groups, have participated in the conference and also present were World Bank Director Theodore Ahlers and the investment banker and philanthropist George Soros. The direct involvement of Roma organisations and representatives was a give away feature of the event. The agenda included the death penalty of rules against discrimination and racism by constituent c ountries of EU. Concerning this, the Commission had taken legal action against 24 EU countries which have not fulfilled their obligations in this respect and for 12 of these cases, the proceedings are ongoing.The focus shifted in the EU in 2009 from an analysis of the problems to an exploration of how existing instruments could be made more effective and how the situation of the Roma could be addressed more explicitly across a broad blow of policies, including employment, social inclusion, health, education, housing, youth and culture. But the enforcement and development of detail EU legislation in the areas of non-discrimination, freedom of movement and anti-racism has continued.The European Platform for Roma inclusion- composed of key players in Roma inclusion from EU institutions, international organisations, Member States governments and civil society, was launched in April 2009 to exchange good practice and experience and to stimulate cooperation among its participants, with a clear stated verifiable to increase the coherence and effectiveness of the parallel policy processes at national, European and international level with a view to creating synergies.Most Member States report a stronger focus on internal coordination and on involving the Roma communities. Some Member States have begun to use the opportunities of complex programming and feature cohesion policy instruments.Among the findings of the forum, it seems that Member States want to mainstream Roma issues and to use mutual learning in order to explore how to improve their current initiatives on desegregation and on access in the areas of education, employment and basic social services.Another new effort of The European Commission deals with the implementation of a airplane pilot project on Roma inclusion (5 million Euros for 2010-2012), initiated by the European Parliament, addressing early childhood education, self-employment through micro-credit, and public awareness particularly in coun tries with high Roma populations. The pilot project will also explore methods for data collection and counterfactual evaluation to assess the impact of the interventions in these three fields.Specific problems concerning the workforceAs a fact, working age Roma lack sufficient human capital. Apart from barriers such as labor market discrimination still affecting them, the vast majority of working age Roma lacks the necessary qualifications to participate effectively in the labor market.The next figures will portray the cases of 3 member states, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Romania, and also a non EU state, Serbia, in order to get a grasp of how serious the educational problems are among various European Roma communities.Note Data included in figures 1, 2 ,3 and 4 comes from the World Bank.This is seen dramatically in Figure 1, which shows the proportion of working-age Roma that have holy at least some secondary education or more. Only 1 in 5 Roma of working age in the Czech Re public and as few as 1 in 8 in Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia are equipped with these necessary education skill levels. Working age members of the majority populations in these countries are 4 to 6 times more likely to have these educational qualifications.Figure 3 shows the average monthly net income that employed Roma earn compared to that of the majority population. Employed Roma earn 31% less in Bulgaria, 48% less in Serbia, 55% less in Romania, and 58% less in the Czech Republic.Specific problems concerning demographics and educationThe health situation of the Roma conditions their life expectancy and their demographics are different from the European average. The European Roma population is significantly younger than the overall population (an average of 25.1 years old in seven Member States, compared to 40.24 years in the whole EU 62.38 percent of the Roma population is under 29 years old, compared to 34.98 percent in the EU-27). There is no official information on the average life expectancy of Roma, but this is expected to be significantly lower than the overall EU population (which is around 63 years old in Romania)The child dependency index is 57.77 compared to 23.33 in the EU, while the elderly dependency index reaches 4.11, much lower than the EU of 24.93. There is also a gradual decline in birth rates among Roma, however, the replacement index (reflecting the number of people with ages between 15 and 39 for every 100 people aged 40 to 64) remains significantly higher among Roma (231) than for the overall population (101).As we have seen from the figures above, Roma citizens in some Member States find the demographic pyramid in a specific manner.Educational systems are selective and, despite efforts by Member States to overcome segregation, a great deal of the systems that have been ostensibly designed to combat segregation are often used in practice to increase disparities between social groups and disadvantage the deplorable profoundly, especial ly in the case of Roma. There is a constant need of specific educational policies to address Roma families and also policies that encourage active participation.Although the proportion of young Roma enrolled in education and higher education systems has largely increased in some Member States, their level of qualification is still downstairs the EU average. However, in the absence of formal qualifications, the position of Roma in the labor market can be improved by creating a system of recognition of practical skills.Indeed, Figure 6 shows that among Roma who completed secondary education the average net income are much higher than the average earnings among Roma who completed primary education 83% higher in Bulgaria, 110% higher in the Czech Republic, 144% higher in Romania, and 52% higher in Serbia.Romanias efforts aimed towards the Roma through structural fundsSurp boostly, there is a great deal of implication concerning this matter with the local, Romanian authorities, and a l ot o projects concerning Roma and their social integration are on their way. Most projects are co-funded by the European Structural Funds, are managed centrally and focus earlier on education (including early childcare), vocational and professional training, sweat market insertion and social inclusion.According to the information provided by the Romanian Managing Authority, a add together of 11 projects are creation or will be implemented multiregionally or statewide with an aggregate budget of 37,819,853 Euros and are planned to benefit 61,634 Roma men and women.Most projects are short-to-medium-term (2-3 years). We can note that 6 major projects (employment and early education) are directly managed by the National Roma Agency. Our hope it that possibly these efforts will actually wield some quantifiable results.Figure 5source EURoma report- Roma and the Structural FundsThere are currently several(prenominal) integrated projects that rank as highly important. First, a transnat ional pilot project, Together on the labour market, is managed by the National Roma Agency is being implemented in 8 cities, in partnership with the Fundacin Secretariado Gitano from Spain as transnational partner during the period 2008-2010. In the following period, 2010-2013, the project aims to be expand nationwide. At a cost of 4,908,749 Euros for a period of two years, the project has ambitious aims to benefit 6,670 Roma women and men through personalised support for labour insertion, vocational training adapted to the demand of the Romanian labour market.With a budget of 4,770,000 Euros, another employment activation project, Strategic steps for improving access to education for Roma children, presents ambitious outcomes and outputs to increase the qualification on the labour market of 2,000 persons, including 1,000 Roma, the development of social economy structures, the increase of job opportunities addressed to indefensible groups, the establishment of 8 Regional Centres to supporting social economy structures, the creation of 8 Regional Partnerships, and the development of 80 social economy projects.Within the education field, the All in kindergarten, all in the first grade. Integrated programmes for increasing the access to education and the educational level of the children within under-privileged communities, mainly Roma, during 2008-2009 project, is managed by the central government with a budget of 5,000,000 Euros. Although no data is yet available on its results, it had some ambitious and specific targets. The general objective of the project is to interrupt and correct early school leaving for children aged 5 to 8 within 420 disadvantaged communities (a high proportion of them being Roma children). It seeks to increase access to pre-school and school education for 8,000 children within disadvantaged communities, mainly Roma, trough participation in Summer kindergarten and School after school educational programmes. Its potential outputs are a mbitious A 75% decrease in school dropout rate for pupils in the first grade belonging to the 420 disadvantaged communities 6,000 Roma children benefiting from the school-after-school programme and 10,000 Roma parents receiving counseling regarding child education.Three other projects target pre-school education. Two are managed respectively by the Amare Rromentza Roma Centre and the National Agency for the Roma, with more than 4,000 combined beneficiaries. The third, titled Strategic steps for improving access to education for Roma children is managed by Romani CRISS and will have as a general objective the reduction of early school leaving risk among Roma pupils. With a budget of 4,872,060 Euros, it will develop desegregation plans within 90 schools from 4 regions of the country -North-West, Centre, South-East and Bucharest-Ilfov over three years, including intercultural training for 150 teaching staff and awareness-raising initiatives regarding the benefits of education to 20,000 planned Roma beneficiaries.Finally, an integrated project, Education of Roma children- the way to a guaranteed employment, is being managed by the National Roma Agency and implemented for three years (no exact dates provided). It aims to increase of the educational level of the Roma children from rural and urban areas nationwide and the development of human resources. With a budget of 4,943,831 Euros and targeting 4,800 beneficiaries (50% women), it could help to find ways to articulate education and employment policies through effective local implementation of equal opportunity and desegregation measures, and if it demonstrates long-term sustainability.Economic costs of Roma ExclusionAs expected, the fact that Roma people sit on the margins of society leads to some macroeconomic consequences. These consequences have been thoroughly analized and documented in a recent, 2010 report by The World Bank. Note that some of the issues presented in the report have surfaced in the previous chapters of this paper. A summary of the findings is presented in the following tableFigure x The economic costs of Roma ExclusionThe vast majority of working-age Roma lack sufficient education to participate successfully in the labor market.As a result, European countries are losing hundreds of millions of Euros annually in productiveness and in fiscal contributions to the governments.Lower bound estimates of annual productivity losses range from 367 million Euro in the Czech Republic, 526 million Euro in Bulgaria, to 887 million Euro in Romania.Lower bound annual fiscal losses range from 202 million Euro in Romania, 233 million Euro in the Czech Republic, and 370 million Euros in Bulgaria.Toward inclusive harvest bridging the education gap is also the economically smart choice to makeBetter educated Roma can expect much higher earnings. Compared to Roma with primary education, Roma who complete secondary education can expect to earn 83% more in Bulgaria, 110% more in the Czech Re public, 144% more in Romania.The annual fiscal gains from bridging the employment gap are much higher than the total cost of investing in public education for all Roma children by a factor of 7.7 for Bulgaria, 7.4 times for the Czech Republic, 2.4 times in Romania.The share of Roma among the working-age populations will rise as majority populations in Eastern and Central Europe are aging rapidly. Equal labor participation among the Roma is essential to shoulder the nationally rising costs of pensions, health and other costs of aging.source The economic costs of Roma exclusion, World Bank Report, April 2010.ConclusionsWe consider that Roma are mostly discriminated because of a certain lack of education, but also because they are sometimes perceived as social outcasts. And this is sometimes a matter of choice, even tradition, which makes this a very tough area to cover and improve. Education is a milestone to consider, and perhaps the key to solving a lot of Roma related problems.We h ave seen that there are trumendeos efforts on a local but also European level, which we believe is a positive sign. The use of structural funds could be a very powerful tool when used properly. While targeting Roma education might lead us to certain cultural barries, we have to do our top hat to understand these limitations and figure out a way to please both parties. There are a lot of opportunities and advantages what will come with a break integration of the Roma people, and some steps have been taken into this direction, both socially and economically.However, there is one problem that should be noted. The issue of results, and more specifically, how do we make the efforts quantifiable? We see a lot of projects through structural funds in Romania, but we should also bear in mind their specific results and goals. The centralisation of these results should be a priority, otherwise they risk getting by unnoticed. Have the goals been achieved? They the programmes succesful, but ju st how much? How can they be improved so they reach the broader audience rather than smaller groups?Bibliografiewww.euractiv.rowww.ecursuri.ro3. www.ec.europa.euHomehttp//www.romadecade.org/http//www.anr.gov.rohttp//worldbank.org/

Pre Existing Strategies For Youth Offending

Pre Existing Strategies For Youth angerFor over a decade Labours three successive administrations from 1997 to 2010 has left the youth justness dodge in a state of near permanent reform. With almost two decades prior to 1997 in opposition Labour had the opportunity to implement ready-make polices on fell umpire which started with the youth evaluator system by adopting a root and branch reform agenda.2This paper will critically review the policies pursued by Governments over the past fourteen years to address the tender ca purposes of iniquity amongst teenaged people. The primary question this paper will ask is whether these policies spend a penny made a difference to either crime figures or recidivism amongst juvenile persons. The paper will initially begin by discussing the pre-existing strategies on youth crime apply before the last fourteen years which is crucial to critically reviewing the laws development over the past fourteen years. The second part of this paper wi ll emphasis on the strategies occupied to deal with the affable causes of youth crime. The final section of the paper will draw the paper together by discussing the impact of the strategies employed by the various Governments to deal and manage youth justice anger by examining their impact upon youth offending.Pre-Existing Strategies for Youth OffendingMuch of the twentieth-century juvenile justice system was characterised by a copy taxonomy which can be best described as penalization and welfare.3The last fifty years have seen a bewildering complexity of shifts in the advent of the police, courts and various political agencies established to respond to youth offending and the social causes of crime.4It has been a dissected mix of governingal policies that alternate between punitive punishment and a welfare or care progression. The literature presents the 1960s as a high point in the development of welfarism in the youth justice system with a shift a charge from penal puni shment to family councils and family courts to deal with juvenile offending and the surrounding social causes of youth crime.5The coming to power of the Conservative government in the 1970s brought a shift back to punitive punishment for youth offenders with an increasing use of juvenile courts with custodial sentences rising from 3000 in 1970 to over 7000 in 1978.6Alongside this shift towards a strong sharp punishment of youth offending in England and Wales, Scotland desire to introduce an alternative approach with the introduction of the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968. An underlying feature of this approach to youth offending were welfare tribunals which utilise lay people such as social workers, teachers and family representatives in coming together to manage youth offending in a collaborative way to tackle both the wider social causes of youth offending and the individual offence under consideration.Pratt argues that there were four major sets of criticisms of the welfare mod el of youth justice firstly the treatment-orientated interventions were perceived to be ineffective.7Secondly, evidence suggested that care could become more coercive than punishment. Thirdly, professional expertise of the members of the tribunals was less important than it was perceived to be, in that members were constituent with little experience of juvenile offending. Fourthly, the care model of justice was alleged to be ineffective at dealing with youth delinquency. The election of the Conservative government during the 1980s with a law and order agenda produced a mixed approach to youth offending yet again.8The 1980s brought an introduction of a multi-agency approach to youth offending and the social causes of crime, with an increased use of formal and informal cautioning of youth offenders which distinguished first offenders from repeat offenders. A distinctive feature of this approach to youth offending was the introduction of the concept of corporatism into the youth justi ce system which allowed a system to produce efficient, effective justice that worked.9The focus was on delivering a youth justice framework that worked efficiently delivering value for money for the government using cheaper alternatives than the court system. The youth justice model of the 1980s enjoined the 1990s with a marriage of punitive sentencing of repeat offenders with an incoherent cautioning system for first time youth offenders which the police patrolled without any consistency.10New Labour, New Youth legal expert coiffure of law?It is arguable that, amongst other issues, Labour won its first general election under the banner of its tough talk on criminal justice issues.11By taking a mixed approach between retributive justice and tonic justice Labour sought to increase the States control, regulation and mangerialism of criminal demeanor and the social causes surrounding crime.12Labour sought to formulate its youth justice policies around a development of pre-existing philosophies of restorative justice values and practice including responsibility, restoration and reintegration, which would draw upon the experience of the existing framework.13Labour presented a Third way to deal with law and order which centred upon tackling the youth crime which were premised upon making young people take responsibility for crime through the concepts of responsibility, restoration and reintegration.14The centre piece of reform manifested itself in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 which have sought to bring restorative elements and values on a formal platform indoors youth justice.15In essence the statutory framework be a clear start out at modernising youth justice based on empirical evidence.16The reform go on by Labour to deal with the social causes of youth offending effectively represented a new youth justice system composed of a Youth Justice Board (YJB) at national level and a multi-agency Youth Offendin g Teams (YOTs) at local level to administer the youth justice framework.17This multi-level and multi-agency approach to youth justice redefined the architecture of the youth justice apparatus by reconfiguring the lines of power, management and responsibility.18In addition to redefining the youth justice apparatus within the criminal justice system, Labour adopted a twin track approach with a perpetual stream of legislative reform focused on reformulating the punishment framework within criminal justice.The main stay of the reforms was provided in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which established the Youth Justice Board, Youth Offending Teams and for a restructuring of the non-custodial penalties available to the Youth Court, other reforms included anti-social behaviour orders (ASBO) and action plans, to reparation orders and parenting orders.19For offenders under 18, the system of police cautioning was re addressd with a new system of gossip and warnings, to allow young offenders to have the opportunity of at least one reprimand and one final warning prior to prosecution.20Newburn argues that the new reforms implemented sought to allow restorative values where possible within youth justice through the development of restorative cautioning, action plans and reparation orders.21The action plan represented an attempt to allow youth offenders to begin a short intensive programme of community intervention combining punishment, rehabilitation and reparation to change the offending behaviour and prevent further crime.22Although Labour sought to redraw the criminal justice agenda many of the reforms introduced echoed and resembled the multi-agency approach of the 1980s.23The crucial difference between this fresh attempt at reform was that part of the multi-agency approach this time was not to divert but rather to intervene and become involved in the process.24A aboriginal driving force in Labours restorative reforms was the influence of communitarian thinking, part icularly with the introduction of reparation orders and restorative cautioning.25The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 placed local administration with the responsibility of formulating and implementing annual youth justice plans which dealt with the social causes of crime amongst other priorities.Gelsthorpe and Morris argue that the reforms introduced will allow restorative processes to occupy a marginal place within criminal justice until contradictory values and practices of blaming and punishing are accustomed significantly less emphasis and restorative values and practices are given significantly more emphasis.26A potential flaw of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 presented in the literature is that significant elements inherent in the reforms are premised on the basis of proportionality which is characteristic of punitive punishment. Wasik identifies that the reparation order is subjected to the normal requirements of proportionality which is linked to the retributive justice value of responsibility of the offender for the crime.27The profound concern among advocates of restorative justice is that this model will not operate with the full potential of restorative justice values and principles which could over time little by little become more punitive than restorative in nature.Much of the debate throughout the literature focuses on the various elements of the reforms which can be considered to have restorative ideals.28The most significant reform was the introduction of Referral Orders as part of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. Dignan and Marsh argue that Referral Orders are potentially one of the most radical aspects of the entire youth justice reform agenda where the court can divert the young offender away from the courts system to deal with the offending behaviour through restorative approaches.29Crawford and Newburn argue that the reforms implemented by Labour were heavily influenced by the what works paradigm and the language of ta ke chances factors.30ConclusionGoldson argues that Labour introduced an unprecedented corpus of youth justice legislation both in terms of reach and volume.31Fergusson argues that the approach to youth offending became a melting pot of contradictions, ideals and ideologies where a hybrid model emerges which encompasses a dissected mix of restorative and retributive values.32Fergusson correctly identifies that the way governments present policy rhetorically, how they codify it legally, and how those policies are played out in practice are critically different facets of the policy process in the management of crime.33Successive governments have responded to the social causes of youth crime in various ways throughout the last five decades, in particular the latest strategy employed a double edged sword which leans heavily on punitive punishment for adult offenders with a more welfarist approach in dealing with youth offenders.34 soda pop justice undoubtedly represents one of the most s ignificant developments in criminal justice and criminological practice and thinking over the past two decades.35It is arguably the social movement for criminal justice reform of the 1990s and into the new millennium.36Empirical evidence emanating from America, Australia and New Zealand indicate that where the use of restorative justice is usual for young offenders, there has been success at reducing youth offending rates and a reduction in repeat offending resulting in great effectiveness at dealing with youth crime and the social causes of crime.37The net effect of these new policies aimed at the reduction of youth crime and tackling the social causes of crime represent a more integrated approach by the state to manage youth offending rates. The policies acknowledge the failures of the previous strategies of strict punitive punishment as a deterrent for further offences. The approach of incorporating restorative values, although arguable only at the fringes of the youth justice system, represents a more inclusive justice system which takes into account mechanisms to address the social causes of youth offending.

Stress in the Police Force: Causes and Effects

evince in the Police Force Causes and Effects goldbrickThis paper discusses patrol and the breed they deal with on a daily basis. It goes in depth on the negative issues of tenseness on patrol officers, the cases of prove and how stress roll in the hay be managed. Lastly, this paper concludes that in order to confine successful officers in our community we must address the signifi put upce of stress. Stress is a term used by many, but it is often misunderstood. Parker (2006) describes stress as physical and mental responses between personal experience and expectations. There is positive stress which helps im exclude athletic performance due to motivation that causes people to feel competitive, but generally stress is associated with negativity. Stress can be defined as the bodies reaction to internal and external stimuli that disrupts the bodies normal submit. Stress normally upsets the normal state. The stimuli that causes stress can be physical, mental, or emotional. The body has to react to stressful situations which ar called the flight-or-fight response and the bodys subconscious decision is critical for law enforcement officers. Officers initial reaction to an incident cannot be to run off from it they must run to it because it is in that respect duty and citizens argon relying on them. However, stress can weaken and disturb the bodys defense mechanisms and may play a eccentric in developing hypertension, ulcers, cardiovascular disease, and possibly even cancer. Stress alone does not cause sickness but it is a contributing factor to the knowledge of certain illnesses. This can be very detrimental to a police officers cargoner and wellorganism. So it becomes critical that we analyze the tar shakeing factors in stress for cops and find out how it can be combatted to make a go bad more sustaincapable police force. Overview of Stress in law Enforcement honor enforcement officers deal with four categories of stress which atomic number 18 e xternal, organizational, personal, and operational. Eternal stressed is caused by real dangers that officers face outside of the office. These dangers can be found at both single traffic stop they make no matter how routine it is. There is always that unknown factor that causes them to stress. Organizational stress on officers comes from the military machine like structure within the department. This can include the strange hours and the constant changing duties for the officers. Personal stress is produced from interpersonal relationships within the department. This can come from relationships with contrastive officers or with your superiors. Finally, operational stress comes from the daily confrontation of bad things. This can include officers dealing with criminals or looking at oddments. This wees stress for them. There is not proficient one way that will cause an officer to stress, or else there are multiple different facotrs that lead to officer stress. Therefore, mul tiple different approaches need to be taken in order to reduce thesed stress levels and produce and better law enforcement officer. Negative Outcomes of StressWork related to factors that lead to increased stress in officers are risky situations, organizational stress, and shift work. All of these stress catalysts can take a toll on police officers and can eventually negatively change their work performance. There are all sorts of way that officers cope with their stress levels and the majority of them are self-destructive and prove to be detrimental to their career. These can be harmful not only the individual officer but also the community in which they are serving. harmonize to A National Institute of Justice report some other consequences of being a police officer that causes stress are cynicism and suspiciousness, emotional drug withdrawal from aspects of daily life, reduced efficiency, absenteeism and early retirement, excessive aggressiveness, alcoholism and other substanc e abuse problems, marital or other family problems, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide (Dempsy, Forst, 2016, p. 174). There are also specific health issues such as heart attacks, ulcers, weight gain, and other health problems. An early study 2,300 police officers in 20 U.S. police departments revealed that 37% had serious marital problems, 36% had health problems, 23% had alcohol problems, 20% had problems with their children, and 10% had drug problems (Dempsy, Forst, 2016, p. 174-175). Stress commonly leads to family issues, fatigue and alcoholism. The pro doggedsighteded effectuate of stress are very damaging to a human being. A study was make on the police officers in Buffalo, New York to see if stressors related to on the job work correlated with long-term physical and mental health. The study was prompted by the assumption that the high demands and expo certain to human misery and death has a connection between obesity, suicide, sleeplessness and cancer (Goldbaum, 20 12). Causes of Stress correspond to Waters & Ussery (2007), Police officers put themselves in many different dangerous situations on a daily basis and even a routine traffic stop can potentially lead to a fight for their life. Police officers always are dealing with people throughout their work day and not everyone they come in contact with are in a stable state of mind. The unknown factor is one of the hardest for police officers to get past because they dont know anything about the individual they are about to come in contact with or how they view the police. For example, members of the Hmong community are going to react much differently to an officer approaching them than an old white lady. Another extremely dangerous and difficult job that officers deal with are people on drugs like alcohol or angel dust. When a person is high on PCP they lose their pain threshold and become almost superhuman. It can take a while for an officer to identify what drug a person is on and it cre ates increased stress as they are tensing up ready for anything. Officers cannot allow themselves to relax while they are on duty and the constant life or death situations can take a toll on any persons mental state and induce stress. Stinchcomb (2004) states that another stress police officers have is organizational stress. Police officers deal with life threatening situations and traumatic encounters, but are also required to fill out paperwork and make authoritative their deskwork duties get completed as well as everything else. Organizational problems can stem from an organization becoming too centralized. Law enforcement departments must be sure to include lower ranked officers in the decision making process. They must feel like a contributing factor tio the department and not just a pawn. An additional organizational stress example is officers trying to take work time off during the holi eld. Since police departments run 24/7 365 days of the year officers must make sacrifices and work on holidays like Christmas even if this means they miss seeing their family. However, this can be a great cause of stress for many officers especially the family orientated ones. It becomes stressful trying to make sure you have the day off or the officer with the youngest kids has the day to be with the family. The stress can be compounded to by outside forces such as your wife harassing you about not being home with the family enough. Often overlooked, organizational stress is can easily become a silent killer for many officers. Another factor that contribute to police stress is their rotating shift work. hawk work is described as the symmetric (non-overtime) employment hours outside of the general 7am to 6pm working interval. harmonize to Waters & Ussery (2007), studies have shown that most shift workers only get approximately seven hours of sleep or less than those who work normal hours and average about five and a half hours of sleep a night. It is no secret that po lice officers work unusual shifts. Since officers are assigned shifts based upon seniority, newer officers generally have to work less than desirable work hours. That combined with the insisting of the demanding new job can be extremely harmful for young men and women in the profession. Waters & Ussery (2007) also state that rotating shift work is an added stress for police officers because once they start getting used to a certain sleep pattern, they are forced to re-adjust to a different time. Changing sleep patterns can add stress to an officers already stressful life and can have both physical and psychological cause on officers. Also, accost dates can interfere with an officers sleep schedule because court is hearings are during the day. So an officer that works graveyards and sleeps during the day is forced to stay raise and can suffer from sleep deprivation. The lack of sleep like many know can cause mood swings and change a persons attitude. The profession of a police of ficer can often involve long hours. Fatigue and sleep loss are crucial in regular functions of how officers bodies run. While on the job, officers remain in their cars to watch for possible dangers. Krause (2012) references vigilance and fatigue becoming a problem when the police tasks are extended for long periods of time because it can reduce attention and alertness while raising stress levels. Sleep deprivation in comparable to excessive drinking and has the like effects. A sleep deprivation study showed that not sleeping for seventeen hours impaired a persons motor skills to a person who has a blood alcohol level of .05 percent (Amenodola et. al., 2011). Officers that are fatigued tend to have more work related accidents. According to the National Institute of Justice, investigate has showed that fatigued officers use more sick leave, are more likely to use inappropriate force more frequently, more likely to be involved in a vehicle accident, and also have a higher likelihood of dying in the line of duty (Amenodola et. al., 2011). Stress ManagementStress is an unavoidable aspect of law enforcement but there are numerous ways to manage it successfully in order to have a long and prosperous career that ends in a healthy retirement. One way police officers can reduce stress is by making sure they are not fatigued which means making sure they get enough rest. Police departments need to promote 10 hour work shifts nationwide instead of 12 hour shifts. There also needs to be plenty of swing shift coverage so officers can get off when they are scheduled. If there were policies or programs implemented in police organizations to recognize the dangers of fatigue on the job it could lead to healthier officers. To help with officer stress levels there are early intervention systems that monitor the performance of officers and based off various factors officers can be identified for an intervention (Walker, 2011). Management would be able to identify the level of f atigue an officer could have and schedule accordingly. Dennis (2007) suggests having managers limit the number of hours officers work within a 24 hour period and being able to set a max hour limit to avoid overtime. Both of these are important for an officers fatigue because it will create set schedules so police can prepare accordingly. Improvement on scheduling programs can be beneficial with agencies to help maintain officers at a well-functioning level. There is no way to completely eliminate stress, but one way to reduce it is by working out and taking care of their bodies. According to care and Association of America (ADAA), working out is very effective at reducing fatigue, improving alertness and concentration, and at enhancing overall cognitive function. This can be especially helpful when stress has depleted your energy or ability to concentrate. Scientists have found that regular participation in aerobic execution has been shown to decrease overall levels of tension, el evate and stabilize mood, improve sleep, and improve self-esteem. Even five minutes of aerobic exercise can stimulate anti-anxiety effects (adaa.org). different benefits of exercising are that it pumps up your endorphins and focusing on a single task can be calming and clear the mind from the days stresses. According to the American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress, Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) is available for law enforcement officers to participate in. The structure of a CISD usually consists of the front line of one or more mental health professionals and one or more peer debriefs, i.e. fellow police officers or emergency service workers who have been trained in the CISD process and who may have been through critical incidents and debriefings themselves. A typical debriefing takes place within twenty-four to seventy-two hours by and by the critical incident, and consists of a single group meeting that last approximately two-three hours, although shorter or longer meetings are determined by circumstances (aaets.org). CISD consists of seven ideal phases to help the officer cope with whatever traumatic incident he/she has been through in an effort to handle the stress before it negatively effects them. Although stress is unavoidable in some circumstance there are ways to prevent chronic stress. Police officers can change their lifestyle in order to manage their personal stress. They can try to avoid using alcohol and nicotine as coping mechanisms of stress. These factors can actually contribute to stress. A better diet and exercising can be beneficial by improving the resilience of the body and mind to stressful situations. Also, limiting your duty work hours to no more than twelve hours a day can help manage stress as well as talking about emotions to process what has been seen and done (Dennis 2007).ReferencesAmenodola, K., Weisburd, D., Jones, G., & Slipka, M. (2011). Police Foundation. Retrieved April 1, 2017, from http//www.nij.gov /topics/law-enforcement/officer-safety/stress-fatigue/pages/shift-work.aspx Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2016).An introduction to policing. Boston, MA, USA Cengage Learning.Dennis, L. (2007, August). Police fatigue an accident waiting to happen. PsycEXTRA Dataset. Goldbaum, E. (2012, July 9). Police officer stress creates significant health risks. States News Service. Home Anxiety andDepression Association of America, ADAA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2017, from https//www.adaa.org/Law Enforcement Traumatic Stress Clinical Syndromes and Intervention Strategies. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2017, from http//www.aaets.org/article87.htmParker, H. (2006).Stress management. Delhi, IN Global media.Stinchcomb, J. (2004). Searching for stress in all the wrongfulness places Combating chronic organizational stressors in policing. Police Practice & Research, 5(3), 259-277. Waters, J.A., & Ussery, W. (2007). Police stress history, contributing factors, symptoms, and interventions. Policing, 30(2), 169-188.

Annexation In Texas :: essays research papers

The legal authority of Texas cities to annex, and the reasons Texas has been a liberal annexer as well as why the ill-use of annexation has slowed since 1970 are numerous. In retrospect, this paper will discuss and bring to the table some of the finer points of these statements.Annexation was, for a long time, a natural proceeding in Texas. Everything from anthropomorphic ideologies to governmental necessities is typically discussed amongst the municipalities and councils that govern and operate Texas cities, as to why a specific place should be annexed. In the earlier days, this country was founded by Masonic people who believed firmly in a tenant called E pluribus Unum, meaning from some one. As this statement suggests, we were the formational creation from many states into one consistent union. Annexation works pretty much the same way, in that a large body envelops and consumes the smaller one into itself, so that the larger may prosper. As could be said of the residents in our own city of Houston, Bellaire was only recently annexed to the dismay and objection of its citizens. This would preclude to the ideology of Thomas Aquinas, inasmuch as he discussed Veritatis Splendor Aterna Infernum, meaning the splendor of truth is an eternal hell. The truth being that the residents of Bellaire did not really have any coinciding choice in the matter, and thence having to live through the hell of Houston politics as an example of Texas annexation. The ending outcome for this meant for them that their police department, waste disposal, and fire departments would now be governed by Houston as a whole.In the 1970s the Texas laws changed yet again, not allowing anyone to annex larger amounts of land and thus throwing the governing bodies to a significant halt. During the 70s, Texas cities well-kept their tax base through annexation of land and subsequently when the free flowing waters of taxes began to halt so the cities started to decay, very similar in nature to the dilapidation of the North.Also, as a major consequence for government here in Texas (both at the state and local levels, respectively), was to preserve the health of the states major cities in the face of economic and demographic change. With this in mind, our viewpoints were redirected during that period towards the consummation of our cities, and in turn, allowed the cities in Texas to grow and rebirth.

Jack Russel Terriers :: essays papers

Jack Russel TerriersThe Jack Russel Terrier is an amazing little dog. The breed has been used forcenturies with its of import purpose being Fox hunting. It was non discovered until recently, however, what great companions they make. There are many aspects of the breed one should take into consideration before a puppy is purchased. The aspects that will bediscussed in this essay are personality, overall appearance, and training as well. The Jack Russell Terrier is a breed which takes a lot of sweat to own, but is very rewarding once a strong bond has been developed with the animal. Before choosing a puppy a potential owner should conceive what characteristics they want out their Terrier and also what to look for when making a decision on a puppy. The breed has a size range from 10-15 inches at the decrease in the standard of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America and 12-14 inches in the American Kennel Club (AKC) standard. It can have smooth, wiry, or broken coat. It is mostly light with black, tan, or brown markings (Brown 35). There is also short and long legged varieties as well. There are many characteristics which make a dog close by the AKC and JRTCA. The dog must appear balanced and be in fit condition. Ears are moderately thick with theflap tipped forward towards the mien of the skull. The chest is relatively shallow andnarrow, giving an athletic appearance. The rear end provides power and propulsion, feetare cat-like with hard pads, and the high-set tail is docked to about four inches in length. work should be free, lively, and well-coordinated (Nicholas 42). Another importantfactor is the dogs bloodline, and if it is even certified. It is especially important if the potential owner cares to breed the dog that they take all these factors into consideration. It is much easier to knock willing breeders when one owns an exceptional dog. One must remember though the dogs characteristics and bloodline directly correlate to how expensive it is.Most owners, if asked, would not give up their Jack Russell for anything in the world, However, if asked in the first six months of ownership they would have given anything to get rid of it. The care and training of a Jack Russel Terrier are very important